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Dawn logs
Paul Logan
Hi all,
a few logs from dawn today, all on the SRF59 with a 4 foot loop All had good peaks, particularly 1650/1660. A slew of others heard mixing low on 1690 / 1700 but nothing definite. 1630 WRDW Augusta GA, Sporting News Radio id. 1 USA 05:35 30/03/2008 1640 WTNI Biloxi MS, talk 1 USA 05:34 30/03/2008 1650 WHKT Portsmouth VA, kids pops. 1 USA 05:32 30/03/2008 1660 WWRU Jersey City, NJ, Korean talk then classics 10 USA 05:30 30/03/2008 1670 WVVM Dry Branch, GA, Mexican music. 1 USA 05:37 30/03/2008 1680 WLAA Winter Garden, FL, Ranchero music 1 USA 05:40 30/03/2008 regards Paul Logan, Lisnaskea, N. Ireland Listening Homepage: http://geocities.com/yogi540/ Photos: http://www.flickr.com/photos/radiofotos/ Video: http://www.youtube.com/user/yogi540 Send instant messages to your online friends http://uk.messenger.yahoo.com |
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loggings Mar 31/08
Allen Willie
Heard on the SRF-39FP barefoot last night as follows:
March 31/08 00:04 UTC 891 khz ALGERIA , RTA 1 Alger w/ news headlines in arabic with tones between each ; fair 00:34 UTC 920 khz CJCH, Halifax Nova Scotia w/ "The Greatest Oldies of All time 920 - CJCH " ID ; good (even as close as this one is, in here only occasionally) 00:36 UTC 864 khz FRANCE, Le City Radio de Paris w/ song vocal by male, ID , french talk ; fair 00:38 UTC 990 khz CKGM, Montreal, Que w/ Washington Nationals baseball; signal almost over CBC station in Cornerbrook when radio is turned ; good 00:54 UTC 1548 khz KUWAIT , Radio Sawa w/ pop hits in arabic and english ; Radio Sawa ID ; very strong for a good while 03:24 UTC 1548 khz MOLDOVA , relay of Voice of Russia w/ english program to close " Voice of Russia World Service " ID ; good (Amazing how a couple hours later on same frequency can produce another strong signal from elsewhere ) as above on 1548 03:52 UTC 720 khz GREENLAND, Simmiutaq w/ danish or greenlandic language; good (this ones been hard to hear amongst the hash lately) 04:04 UTC 549 khz ALGERIA , RTA 1 S. Hammadouche w/ arabic chants and commentary by man ; good 73 Allen Willie VO1-001-SWL St. John's, Newfoundland SRF-39FP barefoot |
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Just Joined
kirk74601 <kirk74601@...>
Hi Everyone, I just joined this group thanks to info from my old friend, John Bryant. I'm very new to this aspect of MW DX'ing. Also tnx to John, I'm using an SRF-59. Due to time constraints during the night and early mornings, I've only just begun, but looking forward to many more hours of fun with this. I'm an old (literally) DX'er starting in the early 1980's but mainly on the HF bands. I've not heard any station that's considered outstanding yet. Have only hrd one XE that I could ID on 850 kHz-XEM, R. Exitos, but have heard a few domestic stations that I don't believe I've ever logged before (but my memory for MW is rather faint.) I intend on finding a comprehensive listing of MW stations asap. Any suggestions? Greeting to all and 73! Kirk Allen Ponca City, OK
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"March Madness" Project-- A 14.5 inch Loopstick Transplant for the SRF-39FP
Hello Guys,
Welcome to all ultralight DX enthusiasts! We
are all especially happy to have a growing ULR fan base in Europe and South
America, and feel honored to have you as part of our enthusiastic team.
In search of the ultimate DX portable, a 14.5"
loopstick was successfully transplanted into an SRF-39FP "Prison Radio," by use
of an LCR meter, and two 7.25" ferrite bars tightly wound with heavy-duty
tape. After full alignment, the sensitivity apparently exceeds
any stock portable in sight (ICF-2010, E1, ICF-S5W, etc.).
The most exciting point is that the loopstick was constructed of readily
available parts, and the entire experiment cost less than $60 US. A full
article on this "Super Prison Radio 3" will be available shortly, documenting
all the steps and part sources.
Three photos of this DX Monster have been uploaded
to the Ultralightdx Yahoo Group site, and it is rumored that this ultimate
Ultralight may soon haunt the shores of Grayland, Washington. This radio
is so much DX fun, it should be illegal!
73, Gary DeBock Create a Home Theater Like the Pros. Watch the video on AOL Home. |
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Station # 450 Logged on Ultralight........1310 WNAE Warren. PA.
Hi Guys:
Well.....exactly 3 months to the day after starting ULR DX'ing....I have logged station # 450......That being 1310 WNAE Warren, PA. Below are my 3 Logs leading up to # 450 this past weekend. All 3 of these loggings are on the ETON E-100 ULR. 2 of the 3 loggings are NEW to the OVERALL LOG. The first month I logged 300 stations....the second month I logged 100 Stations, and the third month I logged 50 Stations.....so as you see....things are getting a little tougher as I progress. Wonder how long the next 50 and # 500 will take???? 73..........ROB. ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ 1420 WIMS Michigan City, IND. Mar/28/08 2306 EDT EE GD ID by Male DJ as...."The Talk of the South Shore, 1420 WIMS Michigan City". Into the Jim Bohannon Show. NEW STATION 5 KW ROSS, ONT. ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ 930 WIZR Johnstown, NY Mar/30/08 2100 EDT EE GD NO SIGN of WBEN Buffalo at tune in. ID by Male DJ as "WIZR AM 930". Into News 2100-2103 EDT.Faded after 2103 , then WBEN took over!! NEW STATION 1 KW/28 Watts nights ROSS, ONT ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ 1310 WNAE Warren, PA. Mar/31/08 1923 EDT EE GD Local Ads for Western PA. Pittsburgh Pirates Promo. Back to the Pirates 2008 Opener vs the BRAVES from Turner Field. RELOG....New to Ultralight 5 KW/94 Watts nights ULR # 450 Logged!! ROSS, ONT. ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ Robert S. Ross VA3SW Box 1003, Stn. B. London, Ontario CANADA N6A5K1 Antique/Vintage Radio Enthusiast Amateur Radio Stations VA3SW/VE3JFC Defy Physics.....Play Table Tennis!! (Ping Pong with an Attitude) «¤»¥«¤»§«¤»¥«¤»§«¤»¥«¤»§«¤»¥«¤»§«¤»¥«¤»§«¤»¥«¤»¥«¤»§«¤»¥« |
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Re: CONGRATS to Paul Logan!!!.....on STATION # 300!!!
At 06:40 PM 3/29/2008, Paul Logan wrote:
Station 300 was Very Nice Loggings Paul!!!!!! A great mix of stuff from both sides of the Atalntic. Thanks for sharing some of the highlights of your march towards # 300. I'm now on my way towards # 500.....and Man...it's getting tougher with every new one logged.....But at the same time it's challenging....and a Bag of Fun!! Like you also mentioned....I haven't had this much fun BCB DX'ing since I was a KID!! 73....ROB. Robert S. Ross VA3SW Box 1003, Stn. B. London, Ontario CANADA N6A5K1 Antique/Vintage Radio Enthusiast Amateur Radio Stations VA3SW/VE3JFC Defy Physics.....Play Table Tennis!! (Ping Pong with an Attitude) «¤»¥«¤»§«¤»¥«¤»§«¤»¥«¤»§«¤»¥«¤»§«¤»¥«¤»§«¤»¥«¤»¥«¤»§«¤»¥« |
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Congrats to Robert Ross on Station #450 on ULR'S
Allen Willie
Way to go there Robert ! You'll have 500 in the bag soon I would bet at
the pace you're blazing there. Good luck on getting there ! Allen Willie VO1-001-SWL St. John's, Newfoundland |
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The Ultralightdx Web Site: Content, Uploading, etc.
John H. Bryant <bjohnorcas@...>
I am certain that most people on here are already familiar with the
details/services available to members of a yahoo group. In case
that you are not, here are some comments that you might find
helpful: |
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Re: "March Madness" Project-- A 14.5 inch Loopstick Transplant for the SRF-39FP
John H. Bryant <bjohnorcas@...>
Gary!
toggle quoted message
Show quoted text
Great transplant operation!!! Several questions: 1. Where did you get the Litz wire that you are using to wind the coils? What size is it? 2. Are you following the L values from that one-page paper of the Bryant/Hall-Patch tests of the SRF-39FP ferrite antenna (in our Files section)?? If you are, are you still getting great results "right out of the box" using those "L" values to wind the coils??? 3. What determines the distance between the ferrite new bar and the top of the SRF-39?? 4. Have you tried running the connecting wires parallel to the bar (as they run in the stock unit) and then vertically down the ruler, rather than diagonally? Is their a measurable loss? A couple of suggestions for further experimentation: When Bill Bowers and I were building the 8'-0" Monster Ferrite bar antenna, Bill did a good bit of careful experimentation with the 3/4" x 12" bars from which the Monster was constructed. He found that there was a significant reduction in gain if the butt ends of the bars were not PERFECTLY flat together. He proved that finding in the field when our 4"x 4" redwood support beam under the bundle of ferrite bars started sagging (yes!) That slight sag plus changes in temperature (the Monster was mounted outside) opened up tiny wedge-shaped spaces between the flat bar ends and there was quite a loss of gain. Bill ended up putting a cap over each end of the monster and then putting bolts in threaded holes in the caps to put each line of ferrite bars in serious compression. In your photos, it appears that the two bars are sagging a bit. Maybe the ends that you are working with are not perfectly square and you are getting good contact, despite the apparent sag. Another thing that Bill learned is that even with perfect contact between the ends of two bars, laying in a third bar that overlaps the joint of the first two by at least 1/3 of its length made a very measurable increase in gain.... more than could be accounted for just by the additional mass of ferrite. So, you might want to try adding a third bar in close contact with and overlapping the first two..... sort of magnetically reinforcing that center joint.... I wonder if you would increase gain even further??? In the third bar approach, Bill said that it was as if the magnetic lines of force flowed through that third bar, bypassing the joint between the first two.... might be worth a try? Anyway, Gary, great transplant operation.... let us know how it goes at Grayland!
John B. Hello Guys,
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Re: Just Joined
John H. Bryant <bjohnorcas@...>
Kirk,
Welcome to ultralightdx! You mentioned needing a comprehensive list of broadcast band stations.... I'd been meaning to write to you about that. My favorite web site is http://topazdesigns.com/ambc/ THat is a two part site.... on the right-hand side, you can search a particular frequency for call letters (including a nice "fuzzy search" feature) or you can search a particular frequency by format of the broadcast. On the left-hand side, you can put your home geo coordinates into the blanks (just have to enter once) and then type in the call letters.... searches every frequency for the station, gives you all sorts of info on the station and the distance from you to them, etc. Another good one is http://www.radio-locator.com/ A third one that is a more conventional listing, and very good, is http://www.amlogbook.com/ Then you have to start looking for individual countries. You can google Fred Cantu's site for Mexicans and Bruce Conti has an EXCELLENT Cuban list. There may be other resources out there that other members could suggest. Perhaps we should put these things in the Links section of our website. I know that there are some amateur radio operators interested in ultralighting and they are probably like Kirk.... relying on memories that are 20 or 30 years old, as far as BCB DXing is concerned. Anyone else out there with suggestions? John B. At 08:22 PM 3/31/2008 +0000, you wrote: Hi Everyone,
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Re: SRF-59 coupled to ferrite bars
Hello Richard,
Thanks for your comments, and the information on
your SRF-59 inductive coupling with the PR-D5 and ICF-EX5. Your
approach is one that's new to me, although booster bars (such as the excellent
units kindly made and given by Gil Stacy and Kevin Schanilec) are heavily
used here, and most of the TP's I logged on the ICF-2010 last fall were
inductively coupled from the Quantum Loop 2.0+, which of course required tuning
twice.
The loopstick transplants, especially the latest
(SPR2 7.25" and SPR3 14.5") experiments, generally boost the SRF-39FP
sensitivity past the ICF-2010 stock level, but not past the 2010 + Quantum Loop
level. The 2010 + Quantum Loop is a very effective combination, although it does
require tuning twice. It would be like a dream to construct a stand-alone
modified Ultralight, with the same sensitivity as the 2010 + QL
combination. I think it's possible, but the loopstick may not fit through
a standard doorway :>)
Loopstick transplant science has had a
tremendous boost because of the Ultralight phenomena, but these improvements are
not limited to Ultralights. It would now be routine to give
radios like the ICF-2010 and ICF-SW7600GR larger, more effective antennas,
assuming the owner could live with an external mounting system. My own
impression is that an ICF-2010 with a 14" loopstick could outperform a 2010 + QL
combination, but we will never know for sure until somebody actually tries
it.
Thanks again for your comments, Heatwave, and the
"Super Prison Radio 2" article should be finished soon, giving everyone
detailed instructions on making this DX dynamo from a commonly-available 7.25"
loopstick.
73, Gary Planning your summer road trip? Check out AOL Travel Guides. |
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SRF-59 coupled to ferrite bars
lrdheat
Dear folks,
Gary's mating of a large ferrite bar to the SRF-59 would be highly desirable. Like another earlier post, I shy away from opening radios as "disaster would be sure to follw". I am including a part of a note that I sent to Gary describing my experience today with inductively coupling the SRF-59 to a couple of radios with large ferrite bars. There are some nice pluses to using a radio as opposed to tunable ferrite bars or selectattena types(sp?)in that the tuning display of the radio will provide an excellent indication as to what frequency the ferrite bar is tuned to! I found today that the coupling my SRF-59 with the antenna in either a SANGEAN PR-D5, or with a SONY ICF-EX5 makes the SRF-59 slightly more sensitive than either set. The PR-D5 has to be on for this coupling to work. That is good and bad...it means that I am using the PR-D5's batteries during a dxing session, but it also means that it is easy to properly tune the PR-D5's antenna to the frequency that I hope to peak on the SRF-59!. The coupling has a very sharp null, and a fairly narrow peaking window...just offtuning 10 KHz is noticable, and an offset of 20 KHz is quite noticable. In the case of the analog SONY ICF-EX5, the EX-5 need not be on...tuning the sliderule indicator to the frequency of interest results in a pronounced peaking of the signal on the SRF-59 with about as much of a boost as produced with the PR-D5. The attraction of your experimental homebrews is that it does not employ two items that need to be tuned for each frequency of interest, and that it is much more portable, has a much smaller footprint. I'm back...this is a neat refreshing change from the swl'ing that I had been doing, and harkens back to my days as a youngster staying up to all hours of the night listening to dx on a 6 transistor set using the radiator in my room as an antenna. What type of tips might you have for trying to catch trans Atlantic dx from Laredo, TX? Heatwave |
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Off to see the Wizard.......with a Bag of ULR's under my arm!!
Hi Guys:
Well.......I'm off to the Semi-Annual ODXA DX Camp in the morning.........will be there til Sunday afternoon. It is held North of Toronto....so we're a Long Way from any Ocean ....but there is a Tiny Little Lake located at the camp.......Musselman Lake...I think it's named after all the He-Men that go to the DX Camp!! HAHAHHAHA....... Saul Chernos and Niel Wolfish from Toronto are also going to be in attendance.....so we'll have good ULR DX'er Presence there. I have a Bag of ULR's all packed and ready to go.........2 Sony SRF-39's, 2 SRF-59's, a Sony SRF-T615, and an ETON E-100........all aligned by Gary Debock to assure Maximum DX Potential!!! Now we just have to pray to the DX Gods for good conditions....and LOW Noise Levels!! I'm also taking a DRAKE R8B along......just in case .......or I decide to do some Short Wave DX'ing. Anyways.....I have enough ULR's to give everyone in attendance a chance to try them out.......so we may be able to get a few more ULR ADDICTS signed up for the 12 Step program!! HAHHAHA..... We'll let everyone know how we do when we get back. This is always a lot of fun....10 or 12 Crazy Buggers all squashed into a single room with a Million Radios.........and a few Cases of Beer!!! With those armaments.......anything should be possible.... Wish us luck!! 73.....ROB. Robert S. Ross VA3SW Box 1003, Stn. B. London, Ontario CANADA N6A5K1 Antique/Vintage Radio Enthusiast Amateur Radio Stations VA3SW/VE3JFC Defy Physics.....Play Table Tennis!! (Ping Pong with an Attitude) «¤»¥«¤»§«¤»¥«¤»§«¤»¥«¤»§«¤»¥«¤»§«¤»¥«¤»§«¤»¥«¤»¥«¤»§«¤»¥« |
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Greetings from Joe Miller, KJ8O
radiodxer2000 <radiodxer2000@...>
Hello everyone,
Today is the second anniversary of passing my first amateur radio exam so I thought it would be a great day to joing this list as well. Not too much planned for this weekend, but am going to try for the CBA Moncton DX Test using both Sonys, the SRF-59 and the ICF-2010. Maybe they will send 2 QSLs, hi hi hi. Congrats on #450 Rob, that's more than what I've ever done in my noise infected QTH with my 2010. See you all later... Joe |
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Re: Gary's SRF-39 with the big loopstick
Hello Garry,
Thanks for your comments on the SRF-39FP
mega-antenna transplant, and welcome to the discussion. The crystal set
group and the ultralight radio group seem to have a lot in common (interest in
maximum performance from minimal equipment), so we are especially happy to
welcome enthusiasts from your side of the AM-DX hobby.
My interest in huge transplanted loopsticks grew
out of a fascination with the SRF-59's stock DX performance, with only the tiny
1.75" ferrite bar. After receiving three TP's with this miniscule antenna,
I began to seriously wonder what the amazing CXA1129 chip could do with
a generous DX antenna, and whether such a combination would outperform the
classic DX portables (ICF-2010, E1, ICF-S5W) in sensitivity.
Alignment of about 25 SRF-59's (for myself and
others) gave me a good idea of how the stock loopstick works, i.e. a fixed
longer coil with a tap point, and a smaller, movable coil used for
alignment. Around February, in an experiment documented on dxer.ca., I
transplanted my first 6.25" ferrite bar into an SRF-39FP "prison radio," which
is basically an SRF-59 with a bigger tuning dial, and better components.
The first "Super Prison Radio" was constructed without an LCR meter, and
essentially was an exact copy of the stock loopstick, although on a larger
scale. It had definite alignment peaks at 600 kHz and 1400 kHz, and had
sensitivity roughly equal to the ICF-2010 (better on some frequencies, slightly
worse on others).
Using an accurate LCR meter, further experiments
were conducted on three other (6.25" and 7") loopsticks, using recycled
coils with inductances carefully matched to the stock coils. After careful
alignment, these units had sensitivity generally superior to the ICF-2010 on all
frequencies. They deadlocked with the ICF-S5W on the lower and middle
frequencies, but these "SPR2" units were more sensitive on the high end
than the S5W.
The recent experiment, using two 7.25" ferrite
bars tightly taped together, resulted in an "SPR3" unit with a total antenna
length of 14.5", and sensitivity clearly superior to any stock portable on every
frequency. Concerning the separation of the larger and smaller coils on
the loopstick, Garry, this was primarily a convenience for construction,
since the loopstick mounting post is attached to the center of the loopstick for
secure mounting, and also the smaller coil needs about 2" of space to find the
600 KHz alignment peak, even after the optimum inductance of .598 mh is obtained
across both coils.
Concerning Ben Tongue's impression that
ferrite bar loopsticks have the best performance when the coils are centered
(and occupying no more than 30% of the bar's length), I have constructed
SRF-39FP loopstick transplants where the both coils were near the center, and
found performance identical to the "separated" orientation. We must
remember that Sony engineered the SRF-59/39 loopstick with separated coils
(presumably for alignment), and that the stock loopstick has fantastic DX
performance for its size, in the "separated" orientation. If a hobbyist
wished to have both coils near the center of the bar, he would have a tricky
alignment process, and would also need to construct a support framework that
avoided the coils (making the support look something like a slingshot).
IMHO, such additional hassle wouldn't give any real DX improvement, Garry.
Thanks again for your interest in the mega-transplant!
73, Gary DeBock
Planning your summer road trip? Check out AOL Travel Guides. |
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Gary's SRF-39 with the big loopstick
sloshatron <wa1gwh@...>
Hi Folks;
Very interesting antenna transplant that Gary performed on the SRF- 39. Any special reason that the coils are way out on the ends of the ferrite bar? I presume the original antenna and the big transplant needed the coils separated to allow movement for alignment. The reason I ask is that on the crystal set discussion group that I participate in, Ben Tongue (of Blonder-Tongue fame) has pointed us to an article of his where he examines the efficient construction of ferrite bar inductors. He has concluded that best performance occurs with the coil centered and occupying no more than about 1/3 of the bar's length. I wonder if the total inductance required for an SRF radio could be brought about with the two coils closer together and more or less centered? Perhaps a few turns would have to be removed from one or the other coil in order to counter any possible increase in total inductance by having them closer together. I can't see why an air core loop could not be used as a transplant antenna. Except for the distributed capacity differences (and I'm not sure how a ferrite inductor vs an air core one varies) I think that an inductor is an inductor. The one difficulty I can think of is how to tune the darn thing for alignment purposes. I guess you could measure signal strength with a meter at the audio output, and then remove turns as you go through the same alignment procedure as with a ferrite bar. It would be a slower process and might involve adding back fractional turns. The meter would enable the alignment scheme to work in though you have to turn off the radio and remove turns. The reason I bring up air core loops is that crystal set experimenter's have pointed out quite a bit of variability of performance in ferrite bars. An air core loop would eliminate this problem as well as finding a suitable bar. I have copied Gil Stacy's idea of a variable capacitor and an inductor as a booster antenna on my SRF-49. Except that I used a 4 1/2 inch air core coil of #21 wire basket wound (left over from a crystal set project!). I gives a very prominent boost in performance, so I presume one like it or bigger, of suitable inductance, might work very well. Comments? Thank you, Garry Nichols |
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Loggings for 4/4/08
Paul Logan
Hi all, a few TA's noted here on the SRF59 barefoot this morning - 850 WEEI 920 CJCH 940 CINW 950 CKNB 1010 CFRB 1010 WINS 1130 WBBR 1170 WWVA When coupled to a 4 and 2 foot loop around dawn these and others were pretty easy copy. regards Paul Logan, Lisnaskea, N. Ireland Listening Homepage: http://geocities.com/yogi540/ Photos: http://www.flickr.com/photos/radiofotos/ Video: http://www.youtube.com/user/yogi540 Send instant messages to your online friends http://uk.messenger.yahoo.com |
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Off topic balun question
Paul Logan
Hi all,
I know this is off topic but was wondering can anyone suggest a suitable ferrite core for general listening from long wave up to 30 mhz - does such a core exist?. I found a T 200 - 2 in my junk box but when I worked out the turns needed to cover 1 - 30 mhz it was something crazy. Any suggestions for something useful for this one?. regards Paul Logan, Lisnaskea, N. Ireland Listening Homepage: http://geocities.com/yogi540/ Photos: http://www.flickr.com/photos/radiofotos/ Video: http://www.youtube.com/user/yogi540 Send instant messages to your online friends http://uk.messenger.yahoo.com |
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Re: Off topic balun question
satya@...
Hi Paul:
toggle quoted message
Show quoted text
Our own John Bryant wrote the book on these! Look to www.dxing.info/equipment/impedance_matching_bryant.doc and www.dxing.info/equipment/impedance_transformer_bryant2.doc for the scoop on baluns Kevin S. Bainbridge Island, WA Hi all, |
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Re: Off topic balun question
bjohnorcas@...
Paul,
toggle quoted message
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I'm outta town for the weekend and away from references. However, from memory, there really isn't one formulation of ferrite that will work at OPTIMALLY at Longwave up through 30 MHz. Generally, Bill Bowers and I shot for really good performance from 5 MHz. down. The problem tends to be at the lower frequencies, where performance can drop off like it was shot. My impression is that upper frequency performance is much more forgiving. I believe that there are two impedance matcher articles on dxing.info. Be sure that you are reading the latter one, if you only read one. John B., Hi Paul:
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